Ilang Tala Hinggil sa Modyul
Ang modyul na ito ay binubuo ng mga sesyon na tutulong sa pagpapahusay ng kasanayan ng mga kalahok upang maging handa sa mga panganib na nakaamba sa kanilang mga komunidad. Sa modyul na ito, ang mga konsepto at mga pamamaraan tungkol sa gawaing pagbawas ng risk ay gagamitin ng mga kalahok upang maisagawa, sa pamamagitan pangunahin ng mga workshop at mga pagsasanay, ang mga kasanayan sa paghahanda tulad ng community risk assessment, early warning system, evacuation planning, contingency planning, at iba pa. Pagkatapos ng modyul na ito, ang mga kalahok ay magkakaroon na ng ilang mahahalagang bahagi ng isang barangay contingency plan (kung sila ay mga taga-barangay) o municipal contingency plan (kung ang mga kalahok sa pagsasanay ay mga taga-Municipal Disaster Coordinating Council).
Ang mga kasanayan na matututunan sa modyul na ito ay tutulong upang maging mataas ang antas ng kahandaan ng mga kalahok, at makatugon sila nang mas mahusay sa mga pangangailangan sa panahon ng disaster. Inaasahan ding batay sa mga pagsasanay at workshop, lalong makikilalang mga kalahok ang mga disaster na maaaring mangyari sa kanilang komunidad at mabibigyan sila ng batayan upang makapagdesisyon kung anong uri ng tugon ang kaya nilang isagawa sa oras ng disaster.
Bago mag-umpisa ang training sa modyul na ito, ipaliliwanag ng tagapagpadaloy na sa loob ng tatlong araw na training ay magkakaroon ng isang earthquake drill. Hindi sasabihin kung kailan ito gagawin. Kailangang maghanda ang mga kalahok at ituturo ng tagapagpadaloy kung ano ang mga dapat nilang gawin kapag kunwaring lumilindol na.
View, read, and download the second module here.
Pambungad
Sa gawaing disaster risk reduction (DRR) o pagbabawas ng risk ng disaster sa mga komunidad, nilalayong mapababa ang bulnerabilidad ng mga mamamayan at mapataas ang kanilang kapasidad sa paghahanda at pagharap sa mga negatibong epekto na dulot ng mga panganib o hazard.
Kadalasan, ang mga lugar na paulit-ulit na tinatamaan ng mga hazard ay mga mahihirap na komunidad. Hirap ang mga komunidad na ito na bumangon pagkatapos masalanta ng sunud-sunod na disaster na kumikitil ng buhay at sumasalanta ng kabuhayan.
Maraming bayan at munisipyo sa Pilipinas ang hindi ligtas sa paulitulit na pananalanta ng mga disaster tulad ng bagyo, baha, landslide at lindol. Ito ay dahil sa ang lokasyon ng bansang Pilipinas ay nasa tabi ng malawak na Pacific Ocean kung saan namumuo ang napakaraming bagyo. Dagdag pa rito, ang ating bansa ay nakapaloob sa tinatawag na Pacific Ring of Fire kung saan matatagpuan ang mga aktibong bulkan at mga earthquake fault na nagdudulot nang malalakas na lindol at tsunami. Dahil sa bulnerableng kalagayan, malaki ang pangangailangang maihanda ang mga mamamayan sa mga pagkakataong nangyayari ang mga hazard upang mabawasan ang mga pinsalang dulot ng mga ito. Malaki ang pangangailangang mapalakas ang mga kapasidad ng mga mamamayan upang mabawasan ang mga risk ng disaster at mapabilis ang kanilang pagbangon mula sa pagkakasalanta.
Ano ang Proyektong ACCORD?
Ang Proyektong ACCORD o “Strengthening Assets and Capacities of Communities and Local Governments for Resilience to Disasters” ay naglalayong palakasin ang mga kapasidad ng mga komunidad na bawasan ang risk ng mga disaster. Ipinatutupad ang proyektong ito sa 16 na barangay at 20 paaralan sa mga munisipyo ng Dingalan sa Aurora, Calabanga sa Camarines Sur at St. Bernard sa Southern Leyte. Pagsasanay sa Disaster Preparedness at Contingency Planning.
Ang proyekto ay sinusuportahan ng European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid Department (ECHO) at ng Corporate Network for Disaster Response
(CNDR).
Ang tatlong munisipyong sakop ng proyekto ay matatagpuan sa eastern seaboard ng bansa na madalas daanan ng mga bagyong nagmumula sa Pacific. Ang mga lugar na ito ay hindi lang minsang nakaranas ng mga matitinding landslide, baha, bagyo at lindol. At katulad ng karamihan ng mga bayan sa Pilipinas, ang mga bayang nabanggit ay mahihirap at kulang sa kakayahang magsagawa ng mga hakbang upang mabawasan ang mga risk at makabangon pagkatapos masalanta ng disaster.
Sa layunin ng ACCORD PROJECT na mapalakas ang kakayahan ng mga mamamayan sa mga bayang ito, kinilalang isang natatanging paraan ang gawaing community training. Batay sa karanasan ng proyekto, napatunayang ang community training ay isa sa mga epektibong pamamaraan upang palakasin ang kapasidad ng mga komunidad na madalas masalanta ng mga disaster.
Ang pagbibigay ng tamang kaalaman sa pamamagitan ng wastong pagsasagawa ng mga training sa mga barangay at munisipyo, partikular sa mga miyembro ng barangay disaster coordinating council (BDCC) at municipal disaster coordinating council (MDCC), mga guro at estudyante sa mga paaralan, at sa karamihan ng miyembro ng komunidad, ay naging daan upang sila ay ma-organisa bilang disaster-resilient communities o mga komunidad na may kakayahang umangkop sa kalagayan at mabilis na makabawi mula sa pinsalang dulot ng disaster.
Hindi naging madali para sa proyekto ang pagbibigay ng mga training sa mga barangay. Nariyan ang kahirapan sa pagsalin ng mga salitang Inggles sa salitang nauunawaan ng mga taga-komunidad, ang kahirapan sa pagpapaintindi sa ilang terminong siyentipiko (scientific term), ang kahirapan sa pagkakaroon ng libreng panahon ng mga kalahok, at marami pang ibang problema kaugnay sa maayos na pagdaraos ng training.
Nguni’t dahil sa ang community-based training ang ubod ng ACCORD PROJECT, naging malikhain ang proyekto sa paggampan ng gawaing ito. Isang natukoy na paraan upang matugunan ang mga suliranin ay ang Community-Based Disaster Risk Management pagkakaroon ng mga Community Facilitator (CF). Ang mga CF ay binubuo ng mga miyembro at lider ng komunidad na may interes, kakayahan, at panahon upang dumalo sa iba’t ibang mga training tungkol sa pagbabawas ng risk ng disaster o disaster risk reduction (DRR). Sila ang naging katuwang ng proyekto sa iba’t ibang gawain kabilang na ang pagmomobilisa ng mga kasamahan sa komunidad para sa drill o para sa pagpapatupad ng small-scale mitigation project. Partikular sa pagsasagawa ng community training, ang mga CF ang tumutulong sa pag-aangkop ng mga kurso sa sitwasyon ng komunidad. Kinalaunan ay tumulong na rin sila sa pagdaos ng mga training o kaya’y kasama na bilang miyembro ng training team. Mula sa karanasan nila, nakukuha ang ilang mga mahahalagang termino at mga halimbawang nauunawaan ng lahat ng taga-barangay. Sila ang naging ugnay at katuwang ng mga staff ng ACCORD PROJECT upang mapahusay at mapadali ang pagsasagawa ng mga training sa barangay.
Naging bahagi ng ACCORD PROJECT ang pagkakaroon ng serye ng mga capacity-building activity para sa mga BDCC, MDCC at CF. Nakita rin ang malaking pangangailangan para sa pagkakaroon ng mga instructional at reference material upang lalong mapadali para sa mga mga piling miyembro ng mga DCC, at mga CF ang pagbibigay ng training. Kaugnay nito, naglabas ang ACCORD PROJECT ng mga instructional material katulad ng mga flipchart, photo set at mga poster na ibinahagi sa mga komunidad na sakop nito. Sa pamamagitan ng mga instructional material na ito, mas madaling maipaaabot ang mahahalagang mensahe sa mga estudyante, mamamayan at mga opisyal ng barangay at munisipyo.
Maganda ang iniluwal na resulta ng labinlimang buwang proyektong ito. Sa mga munisipyo ng St. Bernard at Calabanga, naging aktibo ang lokal na pamahalaan hindi lamang sa pagbuo ng kanilang contingency plan kundi pati na rin sa pagkokonsidera sa DRR bilang bahagi ng kanilang taunang pagpaplano. Naging aktibo rin ang karamihan ng barangay sa tatlong munisipyo sa pagbuo ng kani-kanilang mga contingency plan at paglahok sa ilang mga small-scale mitigation project tulad ng pagtatanim ng mga bakawan at mga punong-kahoy, at pagtatayo ng mga gabion.
Sa mga pakikipanayam sa mga miyembro ng komunidad, nalaman ng proyekto na marami ang may pananaw na naging mapagpasya (crucial) ang pagkatuto nila mula sa serye ng mga training. Noon, inisip nilang Pagsasanay sa Disaster Preparedness at Contingency Planning pananakot lamang ang itinuturo sa mga training at walang inihahaing mga posibleng hakbang upang makaangkop ang komunidad kung kaya’t magiging kanya-kanya lamang ang kanilang pagtugon sa mga hazard. Sa pagsasara ng proyekto, dahil na rin sa paglahok nila sa mga training, naging positibo na ang kanilang pananaw dahil ang mga kaalamang naibahagi sa kanila ay nakapawi ng takot at nakatulong upang malaman nila ang mga hakbang na dapat nilang gawin bilang paghahanda sa pagdating ng mga mapaminsalang disaster — hindi lamang bilang mga indibidwal kundi bilang isang komunidad.
Bakit may Training Manual?
Sadyang bahagi ng layunin ng ACCORD PROJECT ang pagpapahusay ng kakayahan ng mga BDCC, MDCC at CF sa pagbibigay ng training upang maihanda sila sa kanilang tungkulin. Inaasahang ipagpapatuloy ng mga BDCC, MDCC at CF ang pagbibigay ng training at pagbabahagi ng mga mahahalagang kaalaman sa mga kababayan nila at maging sa mga katabing barangay. Sa ganitong paraan matitiyak na maipagpapatuloy nila ang sinimulan ng proyekto.
Ito ang naging layunin sa paglalabas ng Training Manual na ito: ang makatulong na mapadali at mapagaan ang pagdaraos ng mga gawaing DRRtraining bilang isang paraan sa pagpapalakas ng kapasidad ng mga bulnerableng komunidad upang matugunan ang kanilang sariling kalagayan at mga pangangailangan.
Tinutugunan nito ang pangangailangan para sa isang gabay sa pagbibigay ng community-based DRR training kung saan ang isa sa mahahalagang layunin ay ang makabuo ng contingency plan. Gabay ito upang makabuo ng disenyo para sa balak na isagawang training. Kumpleto ang mga modyul at mga session plan na isinulat ayon sa lohikal na pagkakasunud-sunod nito. Ito ay isang simpleng gabay na madaling sundan at maaaring ilapat sa mga pangangailangan ng ibang mga barangay at mga organisasyong DRR, kung kinakailangan.
Ang mga nilalamang modyul at session plan ay dumaan sa mahabang proseso ng pananaliksik at pagkukumpara sa mga modyul ng ibang organisasyon, pagbubuo ng sariling modyul ayon sa pangangailangan Community-Based Disaster Risk Management ng proyekto, pilot testing, at pagpipirmi ng nilalaman. Sa pagsasagawa ng sunud-sunod na training sa lahat ng barangay na sakop ng ACCORD PROJECT, idinadaan ang bawat isa sa pagtatasa upang mapulot ang mga aral mula sa mga ito. Ang mga aral na ito ay ginamit upang lalong pagyamanin ang mga modyul na nilalaman ng manual na ito.
Ang manual ay isang sanggunian (reference material) para sa lahat ng nagbibigay ng DRR training. Madali itong gamitin bilang sanggunian ng mga nagbibigay ng DRR training dahil simple ang pagsalin at pagbuo ng mga kahulugan ng mga terminong syentipiko na ginamit dito. May paglalarawan din sa mga konsepto at salitang mahirap maintindihan ng karaniwang tao. Ang mga pakahulugan ng mga salita at mga halimbawa ay batay sa iba’t ibang libro, pananaliksik, at mga kasulatang mapagkakatiwalaan at wasto tulad ng mga inilimbag ng Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA), Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs), at iba pa. Binabanggit din sa bawat session plan ang mga pinagsangguniang materyal upang mabalikan at mapag-aralang mabuti ng sinumang nais pang palawigin ang kanyang kaalaman tungkol sa mga paksang tinatalakay rito.
Isa rin itong sourcebook o pagmumulan ng mga datos, mga halimbawa, ehersisyo, at pamamaraan na pawang mahalaga upang madaling makapagsagawa ng mga DRR training.
Sa kabuuan, isa itong dokumento ng karanasan ng proyektong ACCORD at ng mga mamamayang gumampan sa kanilang mga tungkulin upang mapalakas ang kanilang kakayahang harapin ang mga epekto ng disaster.
Saklolo!
Ang manual na ito ay hindi lamang para sa mga CF kundi para sa lahat ng nagsasagawa ng proyektong DRR sa mga komunidad. Ang manual na ito ay may mga katangiang madaling unawain, simple ang pagkasulat at pangkaraniwan ang mga halimbawang ginamit.
Bagamat para sa lahat ang manual na ito, pangunahing nakalaan pa rin ito para sa mga CF, BDCC at MDCC na magpapatuloy ng gawaing training sa kanilang lugar, mayroon mang proyektong ACCORD o wala. Pagsasanay sa Disaster Preparedness at Contingency Planning Sa pagtatapos ng proyekto, ang manual ang magsisilbing takbuhan ng mga miyembro ng BDCC, MDCC, at mga CF sa pagbibigay ng mga training sa komunidad. Ang manual na ito ay makatutulong sa mga problemang maaaring kaharapin sa pagdaraos ng training sa komunidad.
View, read, and download the first module here.
The Partner for Resilience (PfR) is an alliance of five Netherlands-based humanitarian, development, and environmental organizations, and our local and national partners. We possess varied expertise: disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation, and ecosystem management and restoration. We strive to combine our individual expertise to bring lasting improvement in the lives of the most vulnerable in society – these include the communities who are at high risk of being affected by natural hazards, as well as those who live in conflict areas.
In the full document, you will also be able to read about PfR’s:
- vision
- theory of change
- history
- programming areas
- stakeholders
- partners
- geographical area
- national and regional policy efforts
View, read, and download the full briefer here.
Based on the released public health standards of the Department of Health, this infographic aims to remind INCREASE communities of the simple steps they can do at home to prevent getting sick.
You may save the image below to have a copy of this material.

INCREASE or “Philippines – Increasing Resilience to Natural Hazards” aims to aims to increase the resilience of 45,00 women and men small scale farmers and fishers, including 720 extremely poor female-headed households, to natural hazards and the effect of climate change. The project will run from 2019-2021 in different parts of the Philippines, namely 36 barangays across 8 municipalities in the provinces of Cagayan, Mt. Province, Northern Samar, and Surigao del Sur. Its project components and activities include early warning systems, alternative livelihood, and climate and disaster governance.
Partners for Resilience
Disasters have strongly increased in both frequency and impact, with climate change as one of the main contributors to more extreme, frequent, and unpredictable weather. Degradation and loss of ecosystems intensify natural hazards. Combined with the high vulnerability of communities in the Global South, this leads to increased disaster risk. Despite these many challenges, there are solutions to create a sustainable future. When provided the necessary resources, communities mobilize to adapt to and prepare for increasing risks. In Partners for Resilience, CARE works to reduce disaster risk by increasing community resilience – enabling people to bend and not break in the face of adversity.
The poorest people in the most vulnerable countries suffer disproportionately from disasters and climate change impacts. Disasters wipe out
hard-won reductions in poverty, and communities are caught in a vicious circle where poverty creates vulnerability, and disasters and climate change impacts increase poverty. To ease this situation, the Partners for Resilience program reduces the impact of hazards on vulnerable communities in the South.
Partners for Resilience (PfR) is an alliance of the Netherlands Red Cross, CARE Nederland, Cordaid, the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre and Wetlands International. The name originates in the fundamental belief of its five members in the central role of resilience as the way to deal effectively with disasters. PfR uses an integrated approach, called Integrated Risk Management (IRM), to mitigate disaster risk and enhance livelihoods, particularly by addressing climate change and ecosystem management and restoration. PfR is supported by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Integrated Risk Management
CARE defines Integrated Risk Management (IRM) as the systematic process of reducing disaster risks through anticipative, absorptive, adaptive, and transformative actions, taking into account the effects of climate change and the role of ecosystems. It addresses the drivers of risk, the capacities and assets of communities and individuals, and their enabling environment.
This Publication
In this publication, CARE aims to highlight how the implementation of an Integrated Risk Management approach leads to social transformation and more resilient communities that are well prepared to deal with a diversity of shocks and challenges. The protagonists are the people themselves, sharing how their lives and the lives of members of their communities have improved. These stories are expanded upon with examples of CARE’s work within PfR in each country.
View, read, and download the full document here.
Excerpt: Introduction
Climate change is increasing the risk of extreme events and disasters.1 While disaster risk reduction (DRR) offers an important opportunity to adapt to current climate variability, in order to be successful, DRR efforts must also take into account changing climate‐related risks in the medium to long term. Many national climate change adaptation plans consider the need to plan over various timescales and acknowledge the essential role of local communities2 in addressing these changing risks. The Minimum Standards for climate‐smart disaster risk reduction were created to serve as an essential bridge between national climate policy and local capacities for DRR. The standards are not idealized solutions, but rather practical approaches to implementing climate‐smart DRR activities in a way that is achievable by many communities with relatively limited external support.
The Minimum Standards are presented in two tables: The first table outlines standards meant to guide local leaders, oftentimes selected by their community (e.g. Red Cross local disaster preparedness volunteers), to inform and facilitate resilience building across the wider community. The second table focuses on the role of national and provincial civil society organizations (CSOs) in providing supplemental guidance for improving the flow of information between various types of scientific ‘knowledge centres’ and vulnerable communities, to enable implementation of climate‐smart DRR. For local actors and their counterparts in CSOs, the Minimum Standards are intended as a practical tool, allowing them to integrate changing climate risks into their efforts to support communities reduce risk to extreme events and disasters. When the Minimum Standards are met, local DRR actions can be considered to be climate-smart and contribute to climate change adaptation. This lends importance to the Minimum Standards for national actors as well, who may use the standards to guide integration of community‐level action on DRR into national adaptation and climate risk management strategies. National strategies that consider these standards will be able to go to scale, knowing that they are realistic and achievable. Overall, these standards provide assurance that DRR goes beyond business as usual and truly addresses changing climate‐related risks.
The minimum standards are based on ample local experience and consultation, including lessons learned during the first years of the Partners for Resilience program, the largest program of its kind focusing on local‐level climate‐smart DRR. The Minimum Standards are a living document that should continue to be
discussed, tested, revised and validated through local‐level activities around the world.
View and download the full document here.
Rationale of the Resilience Knowledge Exchnage Series Session 6 Webinar:
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought pervasive fears and new policies that change our way of life. As local efforts and hopes center on contact tracing and finding a vaccine, little attempts have been undertaken to view the environment in direct relation with COVID-19.
The environment is ultimately interconnected with mankind. Its degradation affects the quality of life of all individuals and living beings on earth. Locally, there has been no significant inquiry into how the environment, especially its degradation, might have influenced the pandemic. Neither is there any grand investigation on how the pandemic has affected the environment in turn. Could certain signs detected from environmental patterns and elements point us to the trends, causes, and cures of the pandemic? This question remains unasked, and therefore, unanswered.
The COVID-19 and the Environment webinar attempts to address this question, as two researchers discuss the impact of environmental degradation on the pandemic, including the current research and proposed projects in monitoring COVID-19. One such research focuses on waterways as early warning systems or a monitoring system for disease detection, especially for COVID-19. The other research centers on hazardous waste for the same purpose.
Though similar proposals have already been implemented internationally, no such research inquiry has been localized yet. Through this research, monitoring will be much more efficient, as specific areas and focus will be detected earlier.
Discussing innovative perspectives and tools offers us an alternative way of assuaging anxieties during this time of crisis. At the same time, it helps widen our understanding to include elements previously thought to be lateral but are actually quite essential: the environment.
The presentation on wastewater-based monitoring for predicting pandemics and outbreaks aims to explain the concept, importance, and potential of the said topic. This presentation was created and presented by Dr. Marilen Parungao Balolong, DRPH, DPAM, Professor and University Scientist at the University of the Philippines Manila.
To access a soft copy of this material, click here.
Requested by INCREASE local partner, CorDis-RDS, an informational material in Filipino language was created to outline specific steps that families can do when a member is infected with the virus.
Click the image below to enlarge and download this material.

INCREASE or “Philippines – Increasing Resilience to Natural Hazards” aims to aims to increase the resilience of 45,00 women and men small scale farmers and fishers, including 720 extremely poor female-headed households, to natural hazards and the effect of climate change. The project will run from 2019-2021 in different parts of the Philippines, namely 36 barangays across 8 municipalities in the provinces of Cagayan, Mt. Province, Northern Samar, and Surigao del Sur. Its project components and activities include early warning systems, alternative livelihood, and climate and disaster governance.
A couple of years ago, the Philippines made headlines around the world as Typhoon Haiyan, the strongest storm recorded, smashed ashore and tore through the Visayas. Within 24 hours, Haiyan battered and wiped out almost everything along its path, leaving behind its wake millions of people homeless, and thousands lifeless. The full document details how communities were slowly starting to reap the sowed resilience two years after the typhoon.
While the scale and strength of Haiyan is unprecedented even in a disaster-prone country as the Philippines, disasters like this are becoming more frequent, destructive, and unpredictable as a result of climate change and ecosystem degradation. Disaster upon disaster, vulnerable communities are pushed deeper into poverty. They are ones who face the vicious cycle of destruction and reconstruction. Their vulnerabilities are magnified, and their developments stalled. It is therefore not enough for communities to recover from Haiyan’s destruction. They must be able to withstand, adapt to, and recover from disasters. It is imperative that they start rebuilding towards resilience.
In the immediate aftermath of Haiyan, ACCORD in partnership with CARE, drew opportunities from lessons brought by Haiyan to cultivate resilience. From the onset, seeds of resilience were sown where possible, both in the form of material assistance and building local capacities, and embedded in integrated response, recovery, rehabilitation, and risk reduction programmes for Haiyan-affected areas.
Two years on, much remains to be done, but vulnerable communities are beginning to reap the fruits of resilience.
View, read, and download the full document here.
The ACCORD Model for disaster risk reduction was borne out of the experience of implementing the community-based disaster risk reduction called ACCORD (or Strengthening Assets and Capacities of Communities and Local Government Units for Resilience to Disasters) and two follow-up projects: ACCORD-2 and ACCORD-3. Subsequently, ACCORD-3 was incorporated into ASCEND (or Advancing Safer Communities and Environments against Disasters) which is a consortium project between CARE Nederland and Christian Aid. The ACCORD model, however, also the good practices and lessons from the humanitarian response, and other projects of CARE Nederlands and partners in the Philippines. The ACCORD model also draws inspiration from the experiences in DRR of other practitioners in the Philippines and abroad.
The ACCORD Model is constantly evolving, as the organizations behind the model, ACCORD Incorporated, CNDR, CorDis RDS, AADC, and CARE Nederland, strive for quality DRR programming. The ACCORd model makes use of community-based DRR and rights-based approach as the complementary frameworks for disaster risk reduction. Climate change adaptation is being combined with DRR. Sustainable natural resource management is also strongly promoted as a complementary approach, and more recently, the more comprehensive ecosystem management and restoration.
The ACCORd model is being documented and shared on the hopes that, based on specific contexts, it can provide useful knowledge about DRR practices of communities, people’s organizations, local authorities, schools, and other practitioners.
View, read, and download the full document here.

This book has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Commission Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department (ECHO) under the 7th DIPECHO Action Plan for Southeast Asia. The views expressed herein should not be taken, in any way, to reflect the official opinion of the European Commission.
ECHO us one of the world’s largest providers of financing for humanitarian aid operations. Through its Disaster Preparedness Programme (DIPECHO), it assists vulnerable people living in the main disaster-prone regions of the world in reducing the impact of natural disasters on their lives and livelihoods.